SOUNDS

SIGNS

APPROXIMATE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS

A E I 0 U

= /\ . \/ =>

MEANS, AND, [FULL STOP], OR, IMPLIES

77 OPERATORS

SOUNDS

SIGNS

APPROXIMATE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS

DA DE Dl DO DU
Ml MA MU TU
Tl TA

X Y W H Q

IT, ITj, . . . , ITS [ALSO HE, HIM, SHE, HER, ETC]
I, WE [HE AND I], WE [YOU AND I], YOU
THIS, THAT

LE LI LA LU
VI VA VU

THE-, THIS-, THAT-, THE ONE NAMED-
HERE, THERE, FAR AWAY

PA NA FA GA
Cl CA

BEFORE, NOW, AFTER, DURING
NEAR [TIME], FAR [TIME]

NO NU [NIU]

~ <-- [<--]

NON- [ALSO NOT], UN- [ALSO PASSIVE VOICE OF TWO-PLACE PREDICATES]

PE PO PU

OF, -ING [AISO. TO-], -NESS

RA RE Rl RO RU SU
BO SO CO JO LO GO

ALL, MOST, MANY, SOME, FEW, ENOUGH BECAUSE, SO THAT, FOR, WITH [AISO BY], LIKE, ACCORDING TO

NI NE TO TE FO
FE SI SE VO VE MO

0 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 1000

ZERO [ALSO NO], ONE  [ALSO A/AN], TWO, THREE, FOUR-FIVE, SIX, SEVEN, EIGHT, NINE, -THOUSAND

ZA ZE Zl ZO ZU
Bl Fl FU
SA PI CE CU
BE BA BU

* ^ - + /
= < >
? ? √
! ( )

TIMES, TO THE -TH POWER, MINUS, PLUS,
OVER EQUALS, IS LESS THAN, IS GREATER THAN
-TH, POINT, SUB-, THE -TH ROOT OF
FACTORIAL. PARENTHESIS, CLOSE PARENTHESIS

KA KE KI KO KU
JA JE Jl JU

QUOTE, WHO/WHICH, [COMMA], THAT [ALSO COLON], [DASH] [CAPITALIZE], [INDENT], [UNDERLINE], [CENTER LINE

22 INDICATORS

SOUNDS

SIGNS

APPROXIMATE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS

IO IU

HELLO, GOODBYE

IA IE II
Al AE AO

CERTAINLY, PROBABLY, MAYBE'
I WILL, I WANT, I HOPE

EA El EO EU
OA OE Ol OU

WHAT? IS THAT SO? PLEASE. SUPPOSE
MUST, SHOULD, MAY, IT DOESN'T MATTER

UA UE Ul UO UU AU

WHAT! WELL! HOW NICEI THANKSI SORRY! OUCH!

9 SENTENTIAL OPERATORS

SOUNDS

SIGNS

APPROXIMATE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS

TUI TUE TAI KAI
NIE NIO PIU SOI
NIU

IN GENERAL, MOREOVER, ABOVE ALL, SUMMING UP
HOWEVER, IN ANY CASE, IN PARTICULAR, THEREFORE
UN- [ALSO PASSIVE VOICE OF THREErPLACE PREDICATES

ONE HUNDRED TWELVE "LITTLE" WORDS carry the whole burden of Loglnn logic and grammar. Once these words have -been learned, the student will have acquired mastery over the entire grammatical apparatus of the language, together with the many logical and mathematical devices which have been built into that grammar. The words as sounded, or spelled, are listed in the column at left. The logically more significant words have formal "signs," shown in the middle column, which adapt them for written manipulation in the algebra of symbolic logic. Some of these signed words correspond to punctuation marks, which are spoken as well as written in Loglan. The English equivalents of all the words are approximated in the column at right. There are four classes of these "little" words. Each class is identified by its

characteristic phonetic pattern. The connectives are the five vowel sounds they include not only the familiar connectives "or" and "and" but the specialized logical concepts of equivalence and implication. The operators are all consonant-vowel words. This large class includes concepts represented in familiar languages by numbers, pronouns, prepositions, verb endings, the most common adjectives and adverbs, mathematical signs and of course punctuation marks. Nonetheless all the operators have a common function: to facilitate inference, cross reference, manipulation and transformation within the flow of speech. They may be joined together to express compound operations; for example, rada ("all of these"). The indicators are vowel diphthongs, and relate the attitude of the speaker to what he says. The sentential operators are all composed of a consonant followed by a vowel diphthong; they servi various rhetorical functions in the context of sustained speech!